- All articles

All articles

- Ep 159 Scabies: Tiny but Mite-y: 2024 Dec 3

- Episode 158 Scarlet Fever: You’ve changed: 2024 Nov 26

- Special Episode: Dr. Emily Monosson & Blight: 2024 Nov 19

- Episode 157 Retinoids Part 2: …how it’s going: 2024 Nov 12

- Episode 156 Retinoids Part 1: How it started…: 2024 Nov 5

- Special Episode: Kate Zernike & The Exceptions: 2024 Oct 29

- Episode 155 Stiff Person Syndrome: A rare disease in the spotlight: 2024 Oct 22

- Episode 154 Ask The Erins (Again!): 2024 Oct 15

- Special Episode: Dr. Charan Ranganath & Why We Remember: 2024 Oct 8

- Episode 153 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A tick bite gone bad: 2024 Oct 1

DEC 3, 2024, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Ep 159 Scabies: Tiny but Mite-y

Among the many conditions that creep under your skin and make scratching irresistible, scabies alone holds the honor of being called simply “The Itch” for centuries. In this episode, we examine how the burrowing scabies mites cause this extremely uncomfortable sensation, what we can do to halt their progress, and how contagious they really are (less than you probably think). Today, the word scabies instantly conjures up images of the mite responsible for The Itch, but for centuries, medicine failed to make that connection, even when the proof was right in front of them and when traditional wisdom had long since known mite=scabies. Tune in to learn how the great scabies debate was finally resolved with a public demonstration, what role conscientious objectors played in scabies research during WWII, and where we are with scabies around the globe today.

History

- Craig, Errol. The itch: scabies. Oxford University Press, 2022.

- Andriantsoanirina, Valérie, et al. “Are humans the initial source of canine mange?.” Parasites & Vectors 9 (2016): 1-8.

- Arlian, Larry G., and Marjorie S. Morgan. “A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future.” Parasites & vectors 10 (2017): 1-22.

- BEESON, BARKER. “Acarus scabiei: Study of its history.” Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 16.3 (1927): 294-307.

- Cropley, Thomas G. “The “army itch:” A dermatological mystery of the American civil War.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 55.2 (2006): 302-308.

- Currier, Russell W., Shelley F. Walton, and Bart J. Currie. “Scabies in animals and humans: history, evolutionary perspectives, and modern clinical management.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1230.1 (2011): E50-E60.

- Heukelbach, Jörg, and Hermann Feldmeier. “Scabies.” The Lancet 367.9524 (2006): 1767-1774.

- Hoeppli, R. “The knowledge of parasites and parasitic infections from ancient times to the 17th century.” Experimental Parasitology 5.4 (1956): 398-419.

- Lane, John E. “Bonomo’s letter to Redi: An important document in the history of scabies.” Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 18.1 (1928): 1-25.

- Roncalli, R. A. “The history of scabies in veterinary and human medicine from biblical to modern times.” Veterinary parasitology 25.2 (1987): 193-198.

Biology

- Heukelbach, J. and Feldmeier, H., 2006. Scabies. The Lancet, 367(9524), pp.1767-1774.

- Thomas, C., Coates, S.J., Engelman, D., Chosidow, O. and Chang, A.Y., 2020. Ectoparasites: scabies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 82(3), pp.533-548.

- Hicks, M.I. and Elston, D.M., 2009. Scabies. Dermatologic therapy, 22(4), pp.279-292.

- Chosidow, O., 2006. Scabies. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(16), pp.1718-1727.

- Anderson, K.L. and Strowd, L.C., 2017. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of scabies in a dermatology office. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 30(1), pp.78-84.

- Karimkhani, C., Colombara, D.V., Drucker, A.M., Norton, S.A., Hay, R., Engelman, D., Steer, A., Whitfeld, M., Naghavi, M. and Dellavalle, R.P., 2017. The global burden of scabies: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet infectious diseases, 17(12), pp.1247-1254.

- World Health Organization, 2020. WHO informal consultation on a framework for scabies control, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines, 19–21 February 2019: meeting report. World Health Organization.

- Schneider, S., Wu, J., Tizek, L., Ziehfreund, S. and Zink, A., 2023. Prevalence of scabies worldwide—An updated systematic literature review in 2022. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 37(9), pp.1749-1757.

- Bernigaud, C., Fischer, K. and Chosidow, O., 2020. The management of scabies in the 21st century: past, advances and potentials. Acta dermato-venereologica, 100(9).

- WHO Fact Sheet: Scabies. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

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This article was downloaded on Dec 9, 2024 at 2:29 AM EST.

NOV 26, 2024, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 158 Scarlet Fever: You’ve changed

A mere 150 years ago, uttering the words “scarlet fever” was enough to strike fear into the hearts of many, especially parents of young children. For a brief period of time, this disease, caused by an infection with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, reigned as a leading cause of childhood death in many parts of the world. It left its mark on gravestones, in public health decrees, in literature like the Velveteen Rabbit, but then something changed. The disease became milder, no longer the deadly threat it once was. But it didn’t go away entirely or lose its bite completely. In this episode, we examine the biology of scarlet fever and trace how it can make you sick before exploring its strange and tragic history. How did such a deadly disease change almost overnight, before any effective treatment was developed? And what can that tell us about its potential to change back? Tune in to find out.

History

- DICK, GEORGE F., and GLADYS HENRY DICK. “Experimental scarlet fever.” Journal of the American Medical Association 81.14 (1923): 1166-1167.

- Dick, George F., and GLADYS HENRY DICK. “A skin test for susceptibility to scarlet fever.” Journal of the American Medical Association 82.4 (1924): 265-266.

- Duncan, C. J., S. R. Duncan, and S. Scott. “The dynamics of scarlet fever epidemics in England and Wales in the 19th century.” Epidemiology & Infection 117.3 (1996): 493-499.

- Ferretti, Joseph, and Werner Köhler. “History of streptococcal research.” (2016).

- Anne Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856–1900. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

- Hektoen, Ludvig. “The history of experimental scarlet fever in man.” Journal of the American Medical Association 80.2 (1923): 84-87.

- Hurst, Jacklyn R., et al. “Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever.” PLoS Pathogens 17.12 (2021): e1010097.

- Katz, Alan R., and David M. Morens. “Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 14.1 (1992): 298-307.

- Lee, Charles A. “Notes on the history and pathology of scarlatina.” The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 12.24 (1835): 373-377.

- Roberts, Phillip M., and Heather T. Battles. “Measles and scarlet fever epidemic synergy and evolving pathogenic virulence in Victoria, Australia, 1853–1916.” Social Science History 45.1 (2021): 187-217.

- Rolleston, John Davy. “The history of scarlet fever.” British Medical Journal 2.3542 (1928): 926.

- Swedlund, Alan C., and Alison K. Donta. “Scarlet fever epidemics of the nineteenth century: a case of evolved pathogenic virulence?.” Human biologists in the archives: demography, health, nutrition and genetics in historical populations (2002): 159-77.

- Warinner, Christina, et al. “Pathogens and host immunity in the ancient human oral cavity.” Nature genetics 46.4 (2014): 336-344.

- Wilson, Leonard G. “The historical riddle of milk-borne scarlet fever.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 60.3 (1986): 321-342.

- Williams, Margery. The Velveteen Rabbit: Or How Toys Became Real. 1922.

- https://classicchicagomagazine.com/trailblazer-dr-gladys-dick/

Biology

- Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016–. PMID: 26866208. Wong, S.S. and Yuen, K.Y., 2012. Streptococcus pyogenes and re-emergence of scarlet fever as a public health problem. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 1(1), pp.1-10.

- Wong, S.S. and Yuen, K.Y., 2012. Streptococcus pyogenes and re-emergence of scarlet fever as a public health problem. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 1(1), pp.1-10.

- Hurst, J.R., Brouwer, S., Walker, M.J. and McCormick, J.K., 2021. Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever. PLoS Pathogens, 17(12), p.e1010097.

- Basetti, S., Hodgson, J., Rawson, T.M. and Majeed, A., 2017. Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners. London journal of primary care, 9(5), pp.77-79.

- Dick, G.F. and Dick, G.H., 1924. Scarlet fever. American Journal of Public Health, 14(12), pp.1022-1028.

- Lamagni, T., Guy, R., Chand, M., Henderson, K.L., Chalker, V., Lewis, J., Saliba, V., Elliot, A.J., Smith, G.E., Rushton, S. and Sheridan, E.A., 2018. Resurgence of scarlet fever in England, 2014–16: a population-based surveillance study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(2), pp.180-187.

- Huang, S.Z., 2008. A new SEIR epidemic model with applications to the theory of eradication and control of diseases, and to the calculation of R0. Mathematical Biosciences, 215(1), pp.84-104.

- Robbens, E., Schurgers, M., Boelaert, J. and Lameire, N., 1986. Systemic complications of streptococcal scarlet fever: two case reports and a review of the literature. Acta Clinica Belgica, 41(5), pp.311-318.

- Carapetis, J.R., Steer, A.C., Mulholland, E.K. and Weber, M., 2005. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. The Lancet infectious diseases, 5(11), pp.685-694.

- Herdman, M.T., Cordery, R., Karo, B., Purba, A.K., Begum, L., Lamagni, T., Kee, C., Balasegaram, S. and Sriskandan, S., 2021. Clinical management and impact of scarlet fever in the modern era: findings from a cross-sectional study of cases in London, 2018–2019. BMJ open, 11(12), p.e057772.

- Strep A Vaccine Consortium. https://savac.ivi.int/

- WHO 2022 Increased incidence of scarlet fever and invasive Group A Streptococcus infection – multi-country https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON429

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This article was downloaded on Dec 9, 2024 at 2:29 AM EST.

NOV 19, 2024, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode: Dr. Emily Monosson & Blight

We really don’t give fungi the credit they deserve. Over the years of this podcast, we’ve covered only a handful of fungal pathogens, and pathogenic fungi themselves represent a teeny tiny proportion of the incredible diversity of fungal life on this planet. But with this book club episode, we’re attempting to correct this oversight, at least a little bit. Toxicologist and science writer Dr. Emily Monosson joins us to discuss her book Blight: Fungi and the Coming Pandemic. We chat about how fungal epidemics have shaped entire ecosystems, altered economies, and invaded hospitals. Despite the devastating impact pathogenic fungi have made, we still underappreciate their potential to cause harm in the future, as our climate changes, as our land use changes, and as globalization continues. In Blight, Monosson delivers an important reminder that we should use what we have learned about these historical outbreaks to limit the harm fungi may cause in the future. Tune in today to gain a new appreciation for this incredible group of organisms.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Dec 9, 2024 at 2:29 AM EST.

NOV 12, 2024, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 157 Retinoids Part 2: …how it’s going

That same little bottle of retinol serum sitting on your bathroom counter – how does it work? Does it actually work? Those are the questions we’re taking on in part two of our retinoids two-parter. The answers, as you might expect, are complicated. Because as it turns out, “retinoid” is a catch-all term for a bunch of different types of compounds, all of which work in slightly different ways. And on top of that, the testing required to demonstrate efficacy isn’t exactly held to the highest of standards. But we do the best with what we have to get to the bottom of this retinoid puzzle. Tune in to learn everything you ever wanted to know about retinoids.

History

- Hornblum, Allen M. Acres of skin: Human experiments at Holmesburg prison. Routledge, 2013.

- Kligman, Albert M., et al. “Oral vitamin A in acne vulgaris Preliminary report.” International Journal of Dermatology 20.4 (1981): 278-285.

- Kligman, Albert M., Otto H. Mills Jr, and James J. Leyden. “Acne vulgaris: A treatable disease.” Postgraduate Medicine 55.2 (1974): 99-105.

- Wolf, George. “A history of vitamin A and retinoids.” The FASEB Journal 10.9 (1996): 1102-1107.

- Vreeland, Leslie N. “The Selling of Retin-A.” Money (April 1989).

Biology

- Draelos, ZK, editor. Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2022.

- Burgess, C.M. ed., 2005. Cosmetic dermatology (p. 170). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

- Mechanisms:

- Sporn, M.B., Roberts, A.B., Roche, N.S., Kagechika, H. and Shudo, K., 1986. Mechanism of action of retinoids. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 15(4), pp.756-764.

- Blomhoff, R. and Blomhoff, H.K., 2006. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. Journal of neurobiology, 66(7), pp.606-630.

- Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Molecular mechanisms of retinoid actions in skin. FASEB J. 1996 Jul;10(9):1002-13. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801161. PMID: 8801161.

- Layton, A., 2009. The use of isotretinoin in acne. Dermato-endocrinology, 1(3), pp.162-169.

- Amichai, B. and Grunwald, M.H., 2000. Isotretinoin in dermatology. Journal of dermatological treatment, 11(4), pp.219-240.

- Risks of retinoids:

- Hoofnagle, J.H., 2013.  Retinoids from: LiverTox: a website on drug-induced liver injury. In Drug-induced liver disease (pp. 725-732). Academic Press.

- Choi, J.S., Koren, G. and Nulman, I., 2013. Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy. Cmaj, 185(5), pp.411-413.

- Lammer, E.J., Chen, D.T., Hoar, R.M., Agnish, N.D., Benke, P.J., Braun, J.T., Curry, C.J., Fernhoff, P.M., Grix Jr, A.W., Lott, I.T. and Richard, J.M., 1985. Retinoic acid embryopathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313(14), pp.837-841.

- Panchaud, A., Csajka, C., Merlob, P., Schaefer, C., Berlin, M., De Santis, M., Vial, T., Ieri, A., Malm, H., Eleftheriou, G. and Stahl, B., 2012. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52(12), pp.1844-1851.

- Williams, A.L., Pace, N.D. and DeSesso, J.M., 2020. Teratogen update: topical use and third‐generation retinoids. Birth defects research, 112(15), pp.1105-1114.

- Evidence for Tret alone:

- Kang, S., Bergfeld, W., Gottlieb, A.B., Hickman, J., Humeniuk, J., Kempers, S., Lebwohl, M., Lowe, N., McMichael, A., Milbauer, J. and Phillips, T., 2005. Long-term efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American journal of clinical dermatology, 6, pp.245-253.

- Sitohang, I.B.S., Makes, W.I., Sandora, N. and Suryanegara, J., 2022. Topical tretinoin for treating photoaging: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International journal of women’s dermatology, 8(1), p.e003.

- Schmidt, N. and Gans, E.H., 2011. Tretinoin: a review of its anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of acne. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 4(11), p.22.

- OTC vs RX (reviews):

- Levin, J. and Momin, S.B., 2010. How much do we really know about our favorite cosmeceutical ingredients?. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 3(2), p.22. (LIKED THIS ONE TOO)

- Tetali, B., Fahs, F.M. and Mehregan, D., 2020. Popular over‐the‐counter cosmeceutical ingredients and their clinical efficacy. International Journal of Dermatology, 59(4), pp.393-405. (I REALLY LIKED THIS ONE)

- Babamiri, K. and Nassab, R., 2010. Cosmeceuticals: the evidence behind the retinoids. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 30(1), pp.74-77.

- Serri, R. and Iorizzo, M., 2008. Cosmeceuticals: focus on topical retinoids in photoaging. Clinics in dermatology, 26(6), pp.633-635.

- Spierings, N.M., 2021. Evidence for the efficacy of over-the-counter vitamin A cosmetic products in the improvement of facial skin aging: a systematic review. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 14(9), p.33.

- Milosheska, D. and Roškar, R., 2022. Use of retinoids in topical antiaging treatments: a focused review of clinical evidence for conventional and nanoformulations. Advances in therapy, 39(12), pp.5351-5375.

- Kligman, A.M., 1998. The growing importance of topical retinoids in clinical dermatology: a retrospective and prospective analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 39(2), pp.S2-S7.

- *not peer reviewed but useful for sources* Wong M. 2023. Is Retinol a Scam? The Science. Lab Muffin Beauty Science. https://labmuffin.com/does-retinol-work-skincare-science-scam/

- OTC vs RX (data papers):

- Kang, S., Duell, E.A., Fisher, G.J., Datta, S.C., Wang, Z.Q., Reddy, A.P., Tavakkol, A., Jong, Y.Y., Griffiths, C.E., Elder, J.T. and Voorhees, J.J., 1995. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 105(4), pp.549-556.

- Bagatin, E., Gonçalves, H.D.S., Sato, M., Almeida, L.M.C. and Miot, H.A., 2018. Comparable efficacy of adapalene 0.3% gel and tretinoin 0.05% cream as treatment for cutaneous photoaging. European Journal of Dermatology, 28, pp.343-350.

- Kang, S., Goldfarb, M.T., Weiss, J.S., Metz, R.D., Hamilton, T.A., Voorhees, J.J. and Griffiths, C.E., 2003. Assessment of adapalene gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses and lentigines: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 49(1), pp.83-90.

- Creidi, P., Vienne, M.P., Ochonisky, S., Lauze, C., Turlier, V., Lagarde, J.M. and Dupuy, P., 1998. Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 39(6), pp.960-965.

- Bouloc, A., Vergnanini, A.L. and Issa, M.C., 2015. A double‐blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR 2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 14(1), pp.40-46.

- Kafi, R., Kwak, H.S.R., Schumacher, W.E., Cho, S., Hanft, V.N., Hamilton, T.A., King, A.L., Neal, J.D., Varani, J., Fisher, G.J. and Voorhees, J.J., 2007. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol). Archives of dermatology, 143(5), pp.606-612.

- Kong, R., Cui, Y., Fisher, G.J., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Schneider, L.M. and Majmudar, G., 2016. A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 15(1), pp.49-57.

- Bellemère, G., Stamatas, G.N., Bruère, V., Bertin, C., Issachar, N. and Oddos, T., 2009. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 22(4), pp.200-209. Which shows significance, which also does some ex vivo studies looking at abdominal skin samples and measuring things like epidermal thickness and various growth factor concentrations.

- Kikuchi, K., Suetake, T., Kumasaka, N. and Tagami, H., 2009. Improvement of photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Japanese females by topical retinol (vitamin A alcohol): a vehicle-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of dermatological treatment, 20(5), pp.276-281.

- Li, W.H., Wong, H.K., Serrano, J., Randhawa, M., Kaur, S., Southall, M.D. and Parsa, R., 2017. Topical stabilized retinol treatment induces the expression of HAS genes and HA production in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Archives of dermatological research, 309, pp.275-283.

- Several papers from this journal I could not get in full but provide them for additional resource:

- Draelos, Z.D. and Peterson, R.S., 2020. A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 19(6), pp.625-631.

- Babcock, M., Mehta, R.C. and Makino, E.T., 2015. A randomized, double-blind, split-face study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of three retinol-based products vs. three tretinoin-based products in subjects with moderate to severe facial photodamage. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 14(1), pp.24-30.

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This article was downloaded on Dec 9, 2024 at 2:29 AM EST.

NOV 5, 2024, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 156 Retinoids Part 1: How it started…

That little bottle of retinol serum sitting on your bathroom counter – what do you know about its history? This week, we’re digging deep into the man behind the medicine, renowned dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, and the unethical research he conducted at Holmesburg Prison in the mid-20th century. Kligman’s research program at Holmesburg spanned decades, involved dozens of experiments (including tretinoin) and thousands of individuals, received ample funding from public universities and many pharmaceutical companies, and was generally praised until it all came crashing down in the early 1970s. But, as we’ll discover, the unethical behavior persisted even after the program’s closure as Kligman fought to get tretinoin to market. The murky history of retinoids might be a bit too long to include on the label, but this episode forces us to consider the human cost of a household product and the importance of acknowledging that history.

History

- Hornblum, Allen M. Acres of skin: Human experiments at Holmesburg prison. Routledge, 2013.

- Kligman, Albert M., et al. “Oral vitamin A in acne vulgaris Preliminary report.” International Journal of Dermatology 20.4 (1981): 278-285.

- Kligman, Albert M., Otto H. Mills Jr, and James J. Leyden. “Acne vulgaris: A treatable disease.” Postgraduate Medicine 55.2 (1974): 99-105.

- Wolf, George. “A history of vitamin A and retinoids.” The FASEB Journal 10.9 (1996): 1102-1107.

- Vreeland, Leslie N. “The Selling of Retin-A.” Money (April 1989).

Biology

- Draelos, ZK, editor. Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2022.

- Burgess, C.M. ed., 2005. Cosmetic dermatology (p. 170). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

- Mechanisms:

- Sporn, M.B., Roberts, A.B., Roche, N.S., Kagechika, H. and Shudo, K., 1986. Mechanism of action of retinoids. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 15(4), pp.756-764.

- Blomhoff, R. and Blomhoff, H.K., 2006. Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. Journal of neurobiology, 66(7), pp.606-630.

- Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Molecular mechanisms of retinoid actions in skin. FASEB J. 1996 Jul;10(9):1002-13. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801161. PMID: 8801161.

- Layton, A., 2009. The use of isotretinoin in acne. Dermato-endocrinology, 1(3), pp.162-169.

- Amichai, B. and Grunwald, M.H., 2000. Isotretinoin in dermatology. Journal of dermatological treatment, 11(4), pp.219-240.

- Risks of retinoids:

- Hoofnagle, J.H., 2013.  Retinoids from: LiverTox: a website on drug-induced liver injury. In Drug-induced liver disease (pp. 725-732). Academic Press.

- Choi, J.S., Koren, G. and Nulman, I., 2013. Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy. Cmaj, 185(5), pp.411-413.

- Lammer, E.J., Chen, D.T., Hoar, R.M., Agnish, N.D., Benke, P.J., Braun, J.T., Curry, C.J., Fernhoff, P.M., Grix Jr, A.W., Lott, I.T. and Richard, J.M., 1985. Retinoic acid embryopathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313(14), pp.837-841.

- Panchaud, A., Csajka, C., Merlob, P., Schaefer, C., Berlin, M., De Santis, M., Vial, T., Ieri, A., Malm, H., Eleftheriou, G. and Stahl, B., 2012. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52(12), pp.1844-1851.

- Williams, A.L., Pace, N.D. and DeSesso, J.M., 2020. Teratogen update: topical use and third‐generation retinoids. Birth defects research, 112(15), pp.1105-1114.

- Evidence for Tret alone:

- Kang, S., Bergfeld, W., Gottlieb, A.B., Hickman, J., Humeniuk, J., Kempers, S., Lebwohl, M., Lowe, N., McMichael, A., Milbauer, J. and Phillips, T., 2005. Long-term efficacy and safety of tretinoin emollient cream 0.05% in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American journal of clinical dermatology, 6, pp.245-253.

- Sitohang, I.B.S., Makes, W.I., Sandora, N. and Suryanegara, J., 2022. Topical tretinoin for treating photoaging: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International journal of women’s dermatology, 8(1), p.e003.

- Schmidt, N. and Gans, E.H., 2011. Tretinoin: a review of its anti-inflammatory properties in the treatment of acne. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 4(11), p.22.

- OTC vs RX (reviews):

- Levin, J. and Momin, S.B., 2010. How much do we really know about our favorite cosmeceutical ingredients?. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 3(2), p.22. (LIKED THIS ONE TOO)

- Tetali, B., Fahs, F.M. and Mehregan, D., 2020. Popular over‐the‐counter cosmeceutical ingredients and their clinical efficacy. International Journal of Dermatology, 59(4), pp.393-405. (I REALLY LIKED THIS ONE)

- Babamiri, K. and Nassab, R., 2010. Cosmeceuticals: the evidence behind the retinoids. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 30(1), pp.74-77.

- Serri, R. and Iorizzo, M., 2008. Cosmeceuticals: focus on topical retinoids in photoaging. Clinics in dermatology, 26(6), pp.633-635.

- Spierings, N.M., 2021. Evidence for the efficacy of over-the-counter vitamin A cosmetic products in the improvement of facial skin aging: a systematic review. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 14(9), p.33.

- Milosheska, D. and Roškar, R., 2022. Use of retinoids in topical antiaging treatments: a focused review of clinical evidence for conventional and nanoformulations. Advances in therapy, 39(12), pp.5351-5375.

- Kligman, A.M., 1998. The growing importance of topical retinoids in clinical dermatology: a retrospective and prospective analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 39(2), pp.S2-S7.

- *not peer reviewed but useful for sources* Wong M. 2023. Is Retinol a Scam? The Science. Lab Muffin Beauty Science. https://labmuffin.com/does-retinol-work-skincare-science-scam/

- OTC vs RX (data papers):

- Kang, S., Duell, E.A., Fisher, G.J., Datta, S.C., Wang, Z.Q., Reddy, A.P., Tavakkol, A., Jong, Y.Y., Griffiths, C.E., Elder, J.T. and Voorhees, J.J., 1995. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 105(4), pp.549-556.

- Bagatin, E., Gonçalves, H.D.S., Sato, M., Almeida, L.M.C. and Miot, H.A., 2018. Comparable efficacy of adapalene 0.3% gel and tretinoin 0.05% cream as treatment for cutaneous photoaging. European Journal of Dermatology, 28, pp.343-350.

- Kang, S., Goldfarb, M.T., Weiss, J.S., Metz, R.D., Hamilton, T.A., Voorhees, J.J. and Griffiths, C.E., 2003. Assessment of adapalene gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses and lentigines: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 49(1), pp.83-90.

- Creidi, P., Vienne, M.P., Ochonisky, S., Lauze, C., Turlier, V., Lagarde, J.M. and Dupuy, P., 1998. Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 39(6), pp.960-965.

- Bouloc, A., Vergnanini, A.L. and Issa, M.C., 2015. A double‐blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR 2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 14(1), pp.40-46.

- Kafi, R., Kwak, H.S.R., Schumacher, W.E., Cho, S., Hanft, V.N., Hamilton, T.A., King, A.L., Neal, J.D., Varani, J., Fisher, G.J. and Voorhees, J.J., 2007. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol). Archives of dermatology, 143(5), pp.606-612.

- Kong, R., Cui, Y., Fisher, G.J., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Schneider, L.M. and Majmudar, G., 2016. A comparative study of the effects of retinol and retinoic acid on histological, molecular, and clinical properties of human skin. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 15(1), pp.49-57.

- Bellemère, G., Stamatas, G.N., Bruère, V., Bertin, C., Issachar, N. and Oddos, T., 2009. Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 22(4), pp.200-209. Which shows significance, which also does some ex vivo studies looking at abdominal skin samples and measuring things like epidermal thickness and various growth factor concentrations.

- Kikuchi, K., Suetake, T., Kumasaka, N. and Tagami, H., 2009. Improvement of photoaged facial skin in middle-aged Japanese females by topical retinol (vitamin A alcohol): a vehicle-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of dermatological treatment, 20(5), pp.276-281.

- Li, W.H., Wong, H.K., Serrano, J., Randhawa, M., Kaur, S., Southall, M.D. and Parsa, R., 2017. Topical stabilized retinol treatment induces the expression of HAS genes and HA production in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Archives of dermatological research, 309, pp.275-283.

- Several papers from this journal I could not get in full but provide them for additional resource:

- Draelos, Z.D. and Peterson, R.S., 2020. A Double-Blind, Comparative Clinical Study of Newly Formulated Retinol Serums vs Tretinoin Cream in Escalating Doses: A Method for Rapid Retinization With Minimized Irritation. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 19(6), pp.625-631.

- Babcock, M., Mehta, R.C. and Makino, E.T., 2015. A randomized, double-blind, split-face study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of three retinol-based products vs. three tretinoin-based products in subjects with moderate to severe facial photodamage. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD, 14(1), pp.24-30.

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OCT 29, 2024, 3:00 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode: Kate Zernike & The Exceptions

When the Massachusetts Institute of Technology admitted in 1999 that they had discriminated against women on its faculty, it sent shockwaves throughout institutions of higher learning across the country. In this TPWKY book club episode, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Kate Zernike joins us to discuss her book The Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science, which details the sequence of events that led sixteen scientists to demand the equality that had been denied to them for so long. Zernike, who was one of the reporters to break the story in 1999, centers this story on molecular biologist Dr. Nancy Hopkins, who, armed with a tape measure, brought this history of marginalization to light. Simultaneously personal and panoramic, The Exceptions carefully illustrates the sexism entrenched in higher education and academia and sends an important message: this problem is far from solved. Tune in for a fascinating discussion about an infuriating topic.

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OCT 22, 2024, 3:00 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 155 Stiff Person Syndrome: A rare disease in the spotlight

Stiff person syndrome, like many rare diseases, does not get nearly the same amount of screen time or name recognition that other, more common diseases do. For many people, Celine Dion’s announcement of her diagnosis with the condition in 2022 marked the first time they had heard of it. This limited awareness surrounding stiff person syndrome marks just one of the many challenges keeping this disease and other rare disorders in the dark. In this episode, we attempt to shed some light on stiff person syndrome, exploring the complex biology, frustrating history, and hopeful future of this disease. Because while the field of stiff person syndrome research faces many hurdles, there are also so many individuals – researchers, patients, advocates – and organizations that fight to bring this and other rare disorders into the light. Tune in today!

Links:

National Organization for Rare Diseases

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

Johns Hopkins Stiff Person Syndrome Center

History

- Asher, Richard. “A woman with the stiff-man syndrome.” British Medical Journal 1.5065 (1958): 265.

- Birch, C. Allan. “Stiff-man Syndrome.” British Medical Journal 1.5067 (1958): 395.

- Cohen, Louis. “Stiff-man syndrome: two patients treated with diazepam.” JAMA 195.3 (1966): 222-224.

- Dunkle, Mary. “A 30-year retrospective: National Organization for Rare Disorders, the Orphan Drug Act, and the role of rare disease patient advocacy groups.” Orphan Drugs: Research and Reviews (2014): 19-27.

- Gavin, Pamela. “The importance of natural histories for rare diseases.” Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs 3.8 (2015): 855-857.

- Gordon, Edward E., Danuta M. Januszko, and Leon Kaufman. “A critical survey of stiff-man syndrome.” The American journal of medicine 42.4 (1967): 582-599.

- Heiligman, Robert, and Morris J. Paulson. “The stiff man syndrome: a psychiatric disease?.” The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 7.4 (1977): 363-371.

- Henningsen, P., et al. “Psychological factors in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of stiff-man syndrome.” Neurology 47.1 (1996): 38-42.

- Huyard, Caroline. “How did uncommon disorders become ‘rare diseases’? History of a boundary object.” Sociology of Health & Illness 31.4 (2009): 463-477.

- Kempf, Lucas, Jonathan C. Goldsmith, and Robert Temple. “Challenges of developing and conducting clinical trials in rare disorders.” American journal of medical genetics Part A 176.4 (2018): 773-783.

- Meinck, Hans‐Michael, and Philip D. Thompson. “Stiff man syndrome and related conditions.” Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 17.5 (2002): 853-866.

- Moersch, F. P. and Woltman, H. W. Progressive fluctuating muscular rigidity and spasm (Stiff-Man Syndrome). Pm. Staff Meet. Mayo C, 31:421, 1956.

- Ornsteen, A. M. “Chronic generalized fibromyositis.” Annals of Surgery 101.1 (1935): 237-245.

- Price, T. M. L., and E. N. Allott. “The stiff-man syndrome.” British Medical Journal 1.5072 (1958): 682.

- Pryde, David C., and Stephen C. Groft. “Definitions, History and Regulatory Framework for Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs.” (2014).

- Schieppati, Arrigo, et al. “Why rare diseases are an important medical and social issue.” The Lancet 371.9629 (2008): 2039-2041.

- Termsarasab, Pichet, Thananan Thammongkolchai, and Bashar Katirji. Stiff-Person Syndrome and Related Disorders. Springer International Publishing, 2020.

- Sun, Wei, Wei Zheng, and Anton Simeonov. “Drug discovery and development for rare genetic disorders.” American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 173.9 (2017): 2307-2322.

- Trethowan, W. H., J. L. Allsop, and BRIAN TURNER. “The stiff-man syndrome: a report of two further cases.” Archives of Neurology 3.4 (1960): 448-456.

- Whalen, R. E., J. J. Combs, W. P. Deiss. ““Stiff-man” syndrome.” American Journal of Medicine. Vol 27, Issue 4 (1959): 678-681

Biology

- Hadavi, S., Noyce, A.J., Leslie, R.D. and Giovannoni, G., 2011. Stiff person syndrome. Practical neurology, 11(5), pp.272-282.

- Dalakas, M.C., Fujii, M., Li, M., Lutfi, B., Kyhos, J. and McElroy, B., 2001. High-dose intravenous immune globulin for stiff-person syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(26), pp.1870-1876.

- Ciccotto, G., Blaya, M. and Kelley, R.E., 2013. Stiff person syndrome. Neurologic clinics, 31(1), pp.319-328.

- Baizabal-Carvallo, J.F. and Jankovic, J., 2015. Stiff-person syndrome: insights into a complex autoimmune disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 86(8), pp.840-848.

- Caffrey, D., Finn, C.T., Song, S.M., Burton III, F. and Arsan, C., 2021. Stiff-person syndrome and psychiatric comorbidities: a systematic review. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 62(1), pp.3-13.

- Doughty, C.T., Schaefer, P.W., Brizzi, K. and Linnoila, J.J., 2024. Case 14-2024: A 30-Year-Old Woman with Back Pain, Leg Stiffness, and Falls. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(18), pp.1712-1719.

- National Organization for Rare Diseases – https://rarediseases.org/?s=stiff+person

- Stiff Person Disease Foundation – https://stiffperson.org/

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OCT 15, 2024, 3:00 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 154 Ask The Erins (Again!)

Five years ago, we asked you all to ask us anything, and you delivered. We answered dozens of listener questions, like how we first met, our favorite quarantinis, where we were in our career journeys, and so many more. But in the years since that first “ask us anything”, a lot has changed for both of us! So we’re coming back to you with the answers to more of your probing questions, like “what disease names would make good person names?”, “where are you in the world these days?”, “if you could have only one sandwich for the rest of your life, what would it be?” and a million more, ranging from serious to silly and everywhere in between. Tune in for a non-stop, self-indulgent Ask the Erins!

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OCT 8, 2024, 10:53 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode: Dr. Charan Ranganath & Why We Remember

How is it that we can’t remember where we put our keys or the name of the person we just met, but we can recall in excruciating detail the embarrassing interaction we had at the grocery store ten years ago? Sometimes it seems like our memory works against us more than it does for us. But, as it turns out, this aspect of our memory is more a feature than a bug, and the key to understanding the difference may lie in our evolutionary history. Dr. Charan Ranganath, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience and Director of the Dynamic Memory Lab at the University of California at Davis, joins us today to discuss his book Why We Remember: Unlocking Memory’s Power to Hold on to What Matters. Dr. Ranganath deftly guides readers through not only the “how” of memory formation but also the “why”, helping us to understand why we remember certain things and forget others. Tune in for a fascinating discussion ranging from the importance of context (like smell) in memory to the different types of memory, from decision-making to memory competitions, and so much more!

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OCT 1, 2024, 3:00 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 153 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A tick bite gone bad

One day, you’re enjoying a beautiful hike through the tall grass. A few months later, you find yourself in anaphylaxis from a post-hike hamburger. The culprit: a tick bite. In this much-requested episode, we take on alpha-gal syndrome, the red meat allergy triggered by the bite of a tick. Sometimes science is stranger than fiction. How exactly does an encounter with a tiny arachnid cause your throat to swell up and your skin break out into hives hours after eating red meat? Is it all red meat? Is it all ticks? How on earth did anyone even make this connection in the first place? Those are just a few of the questions we answer in this action-packed episode that has us venturing into surprising topics, like primate evolution, ancient epidemics, and cancer treatments. Tune in for all this and more.

History

- Anstee, David J. “The relationship between blood groups and disease.” Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology 115.23 (2010): 4635-4643.

- Bishop, Joseph R., and Pascal Gagneux. “Evolution of carbohydrate antigens—microbial forces shaping host glycomes?.” Glycobiology 17.5 (2007): 23R-34R.

- Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro, et al. “Effect of blood type on anti-α-Gal immunity and the incidence of infectious diseases.” Experimental & molecular medicine 49.3 (2017): e301-e301.

- Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro, et al. “Environmental and molecular drivers of the α-Gal syndrome.” Frontiers in immunology 10 (2019): 1210.

- Cabezas-Cruz, Alejandro, et al. “Tick–human interactions: from allergic klendusity to the α-Gal syndrome.” Biochemical Journal 478.9 (2021): 1783-1794.

- Commins, Scott P., and Thomas AE Platts-Mills. “Anaphylaxis syndromes related to a new mammalian cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant.” Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 124.4 (2009): 652-657.

- Commins, Scott P., et al. “Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1, 3-galactose.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 123.2 (2009): 426-433.

- de la Fuente, José, et al. “The alpha-Gal syndrome: new insights into the tick-host conflict and cooperation.” Parasites & vectors 12 (2019): 1-5.

- Gagneux, Pascal, and Ajit Varki. “Evolutionary considerations in relating oligosaccharide diversity to biological function.” Glycobiology 9.8 (1999): 747-755.

- Galili, Uri. “Evolution and pathophysiology of the human natural anti-α-galactosyl IgG (anti-Gal) antibody.” Springer seminars in immunopathology. Vol. 15. Springer-Verlag, 1993.

- Galili, Uri. “Anti‐G al: an abundant human natural antibody of multiple pathogeneses and clinical benefits.” Immunology 140.1 (2013): 1-11.

- Galili, Uri. “Significance of the evolutionary α1, 3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene inactivation in preventing extinction of apes and old world monkeys.” Journal of Molecular Evolution 80 (2015): 1-9.

- Galili, Uri. “Evolution in primates by “Catastrophic‐selection” interplay between enveloped virus epidemics, mutated genes of enzymes synthesizing carbohydrate antigens, and natural anti‐carbohydrate antibodies.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168.2 (2019): 352-363.

- Hodžić, Adnan, et al. “Tick bites induce anti-α-Gal antibodies in dogs.” Vaccines 7.3 (2019): 114.

- Rodriguez, Idalia A., and Raymond M. Welsh. “Possible role of a cell surface carbohydrate in evolution of resistance to viral infections in old world primates.” Journal of Virology 87.15 (2013): 8317-8326.

- Sharma, Surendra Raj, and Shahid Karim. “Tick saliva and the alpha-gal syndrome: finding a needle in a haystack.” Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 11 (2021): 680264.

- Singh, Sumnima, et al. “Loss of α-gal during primate evolution enhanced antibody-effector function and resistance to bacterial sepsis.” Cell host & microbe 29.3 (2021): 347-361.

- Soares, Miguel P., and Bahtiyar Yilmaz. “Microbiota control of malaria transmission.” Trends in parasitology 32.2 (2016): 120-130.

- Steinke, John W., Thomas AE Platts-Mills, and Scott P. Commins. “The alpha-gal story: lessons learned from connecting the dots.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 135.3 (2015): 589-596.

- van Nunen, Sheryl. “Tick-induced allergies: mammalian meat allergy, tick anaphylaxis and their significance.” Asia Pacific Allergy 5.1 (2015): 3-16.

- Nunen, Sheryl A. Van, et al. “An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans.” Medical journal of Australia 190.9 (2009).

- Xi, Jiahui, et al. “Genetically engineered pigs for xenotransplantation: hopes and challenges.” Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10 (2023): 1093534.

Biology

- Moore, P., 2020. The meat-allergy mystery with a tick-bite link. Nature, 588, p.S17. (not peer reviewed)

- Nunen, S.A.V., O’Connor, K.S., Clarke, L.R., Boyle, R.X. and Fernando, S.L., 2009. An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans. Medical journal of Australia, 190(9).

- Commins, S.P., Satinover, S.M., Hosen, J., Mozena, J., Borish, L., Lewis, B.D., Woodfolk, J.A. and Platts-Mills, T.A., 2009. Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1, 3-galactose. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 123(2), pp.426-433.

- Commins, S.P., James, H.R., Kelly, L.A., Pochan, S.L., Workman, L.J., Perzanowski, M.S., Kocan, K.M., Fahy, J.V., Nganga, L.W., Ronmark, E. and Cooper, P.J., 2011. The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1, 3-galactose. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 127(5), pp.1286-1293.

- Steinke, J.W., Platts-Mills, T.A. and Commins, S.P., 2015. The alpha-gal story: lessons learned from connecting the dots. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 135(3), pp.589-596.

- Commins, S. P. (2020). Diagnosis & management of Alpha-gal Syndrome: Lessons from 2,500 patients. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. doi:10.1080/1744666x.2020.178

- van Nunen, S.A., 2018. Tick‐induced allergies: mammalian meat allergy and tick anaphylaxis. Medical Journal of Australia, 208(7), pp.316-321.

- Koike, C., Uddin, M., Wildman, D.E., Gray, E.A., Trucco, M., Starzl, T.E. and Goodman, M., 2007. Functionally important glycosyltransferase gain and loss during catarrhine primate emergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(2), pp.559-564.

- Crispell, G., Commins, S.P., Archer-Hartman, S.A., Choudhary, S., Dharmarajan, G., Azadi, P. and Karim, S., 2019. Discovery of alpha-gal-containing antigens in North American tick species believed to induce red meat allergy. Frontiers in immunology, 10, p.1056.

- Shah, R., Schwartz, R.A. Meat Allergy: A Ticking Time Bomb. Am J Clin Dermatol 23, 515–521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-022-00696-x

- Kay, A.B., 2001. Allergy and allergic diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(1), pp.30-37.

- Rindsjö, E. and Scheynius, A., 2010. Mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergy. Experimental cell research, 316(8), pp.1384-1389.

- Anvari, S., Miller, J., Yeh, C.Y. and Davis, C.M., 2019. IgE-mediated food allergy. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 57, pp.244-260.

- Binder, A.M., Cherry‐Brown, D., Biggerstaff, B.J., Jones, E.S., Amelio, C.L., Beard, C.B., Petersen, L.R., Kersh, G.J., Commins, S.P. and Armstrong, P.A., 2023. Clinical and laboratory features of patients diagnosed with alpha‐gal syndrome—2010–2019. Allergy, 78(2), pp.477-487.

- Hilger, C., Fischer, J., Wölbing, F. and Biedermann, T., 2019. Role and mechanism of galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose in the elicitation of delayed anaphylactic reactions to red meat. Current allergy and asthma reports, 19, pp.1-11.

- Ferreira, BR., and Silva, JS, 1999. Successive tick infestations selectively promote a T‐helper 2 cytokine profile in mice. Immunology, 96(3), pp.434-439.

- Carpenter, A., 2023. Health care provider knowledge regarding alpha-gal syndrome—United States, March–May 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72.

- Thompson, J.M., 2023. Geographic distribution of suspected alpha-gal syndrome cases—United States, January 2017–December 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 72.

- Neergaard, L. July 21, 2024. Associated Press. Pig transplant research yields a surprise: Bacon safe for some people allergic to red meat. https://apnews.com/article/meat-allergy-lone-star-tick-pig-alphagal-edf82b6c1928450da1373ea61e6a3a44

- Vaz-Rodrigues, R., Mazuecos, L. and de la Fuente, J., 2022. Current and future strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of the alpha-gal syndrome (AGS). Journal of asthma and allergy, pp.957-970.

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Table of Contents

This Podcast Will Kill You: 2024 Dec 3

All articles

Ep 159 Scabies: Tiny but Mite-y: 2024 Dec 3

Episode 158 Scarlet Fever: You’ve changed: 2024 Nov 26

Special Episode: Dr. Emily Monosson & Blight: 2024 Nov 19

Episode 157 Retinoids Part 2: …how it’s going: 2024 Nov 12

Episode 156 Retinoids Part 1: How it started…: 2024 Nov 5

Special Episode: Kate Zernike & The Exceptions: 2024 Oct 29

Episode 155 Stiff Person Syndrome: A rare disease in the spotlight: 2024 Oct 22

Episode 154 Ask The Erins (Again!): 2024 Oct 15

Special Episode: Dr. Charan Ranganath & Why We Remember: 2024 Oct 8

Episode 153 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A tick bite gone bad: 2024 Oct 1