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All articles

- Episode 203 Cancer Part 2: Why does it happen?: 2026 Mar 10

- Episode 202 Cancer Part 1: What is it?: 2026 Mar 3

- Special Episode: Jon Adams and Edmund Ramsden & Rat City: 2026 Mar 2

- Episode 201 Poop Part 2: Flushed away: 2026 Feb 17

- Episode 200 Poop Part 1: How the sausage gets made: 2026 Feb 10

- Special Episode Nicola Twilley & Frostbite: 2026 Feb 3

- Episode 199 Sleep Part 2: Predictably unpredictable: 2026 Jan 27

- Episode 198 Sleep Part 1: Sleeping with one eye open: 2026 Jan 20

- Special Episode: Daniel Stone & American Poison: 2026 Jan 13

- Episode 197 Detox: Enemas for everyone: 2026 Jan 6

MAR 10, 2026, 3:00 AM EDT | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 203 Cancer Part 2: Why does it happen?

Each of our cells can become cancerous. It’s an uncomfortable, yet unavoidable truth. Nor is it a truth restricted to our species – cancer is a consequence of complex life. The features that make a cell cancerous are those that, under other circumstances, are beneficial, essential even, for an individual’s growth and survival. How is that possible? In the second installment in our series, we’re putting cancer under the microscope to consider the qualities that underlie a cancer cell’s success in our body. By placing cancer in an evolutionary framework, we can not only understand why cancer is so darn prevalent, but we can also leverage that knowledge to devise new approaches to treatment – working with evolution rather than against it. If you’ve ever wondered why we haven’t come up with a cure for all cancer or why some animals get cancer more than others, this is the episode for you.

History

- Aktipis, Athena. The cheating cell: How evolution helps us understand and treat cancer. (2020): 1-256.

- Arney, Kat. Rebel Cell: Cancer, Evolution, and the New Science of Life’s Oldest Betrayal. BenBella Books, 2020.

- Greaves, Melvyn F. Cancer: the evolutionary legacy. Oxford University Press, 2001.

- Ujvari, Beata, Benjamin Roche, and Frédéric Thomas, eds. Ecology and evolution of cancer. Academic Press, 2017.

- American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2025. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2025.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 1.” Cancer 117.5 (2011): 1097-1102.

- Aktipis, C. Athena, and Randolph M. Nesse. “Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology.” Evolutionary applications 6.1 (2013): 144-159.

- Bianconi, Eva, et al. “An estimation of the number of cells in the human body.” Annals of human biology 40.6 (2013): 463-471.

- Caulin, Aleah F., and Carlo C. Maley. “Peto’s Paradox: evolution’s prescription for cancer prevention.” Trends in ecology & evolution 26.4 (2011): 175-182.

- Garcês, Andreia, Isabel Pires, and Sara Garcês. “Ancient diseases in vertebrates: Tumours through the ages.” Animals 14.10 (2024): 1474.

- Gatenby, Robert A., et al. “Adaptive therapy.” Cancer research 69.11 (2009): 4894-4903.

- Greaves, Mel, and Carlo C. Maley. “Clonal evolution in cancer.” Nature 481.7381 (2012): 306-313.

- Greaves, Mel. “Evolutionary determinants of cancer.” Cancer discovery 5.8 (2015): 806-820.

- Hockings, Helen, et al. “Adaptive therapy exploits fitness deficits in chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer to achieve long-term tumor control.” Cancer Research 85.18 (2025): 3503-3517.

- Lynch, Vincent J. “Peto’s paradox revisited (revisited, revisited, revisited, and revisited yet again).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122.14 (2025): e2502696122.

- MacDonald, Nick, et al. “The molecular evolution of cancer associated genes in mammals.” Scientific Reports 14.1 (2024): 11650.

- Nikolaou, Michail, et al. “The challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment: a current overview.” Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 35.4 (2018): 309-318.

- Rothschild, Bruce M., et al. “Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs.” Naturwissenschaften 90.11 (2003): 495-500.

- Shepard, Alyssa, and Joseph L. Kissil. “The use of non-traditional models in the study of cancer resistance—the case of the naked mole rat.” Oncogene 39.28 (2020): 5083-5097.

- Ujvari, Beata, et al. “Genetic diversity, inbreeding and cancer.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285.1875 (2018): 20172589.

- Valcz, Gábor, et al. “Adaptive cancer therapy: can non-genetic factors become its achilles heel?.” Oncogene (2025): 1-7.

- Vasan, Neil, José Baselga, and David M. Hyman. “A view on drug resistance in cancer.” Nature 575.7782 (2019): 299-309.

- Vincze, Orsolya, et al. “Cancer risk across mammals.” Nature 601.7892 (2022): 263-267.

- West, Jeffrey, et al. “Towards multidrug adaptive therapy.” Cancer research 80.7 (2020): 1578-1589.

- Zhang, Jingsong, et al. “Integrating evolutionary dynamics into treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.” Nature communications 8.1 (2017): 1816.

- Zhang, Lei, et al. “Adaptive therapy: a tumor therapy strategy based on darwinian evolution theory.” Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 192 (2023): 104192.

Biology

- Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R.A., 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. cell, 100(1), pp.57-70.

- Hanahan, D. and Weinberg, R.A., 2011. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. cell, 144(5), pp.646-674.

- Hanahan, D., 2022. Hallmarks of cancer: new dimensions. Cancer discovery, 12(1), pp.31-46.

- Weinberg, R.A., 1996. How cancer arises. Scientific American, 275(3), pp.62-70.

- Lazebnik, Y., 2010. What are the hallmarks of cancer?. Nature Reviews Cancer, 10(4), pp.232-233.

- Swanton, C., Bernard, E., Abbosh, C., André, F., Auwerx, J., Balmain, A., Bar-Sagi, D., Bernards, R., Bullman, S., DeGregori, J. and Elliott, C., 2024. Embracing cancer complexity: Hallmarks of systemic disease. Cell, 187(7), pp.1589-1616.

- Sonnenschein, C. and Soto, A.M., 2011. The death of the cancer cell. Cancer research, 71(13), pp.4334-4337.

- Sonnenschein, C. and Soto, A.M., 2020. Over a century of cancer research: Inconvenient truths and promising leads. PLoS biology, 18(4), p.e3000670.

- Seferbekova, Z., Lomakin, A., Yates, L.R. and Gerstung, M., 2023. Spatial biology of cancer evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics, 24(5), pp.295-313.

- Savy, T., Flanders, L., Karpanasamy, T., Sun, M. and Gerlinger, M., 2025. Cancer evolution: from Darwin to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. Trends in Cancer, 11(3), pp.204-215.

- Jones, P.A. and Baylin, S.B., 2007. The epigenomics of cancer. Cell, 128(4), pp.683-692.

- Gatenby, R.A., Avdieiev, S., Tsai, K.Y. and Brown, J.S., 2020. Integrating genetic and nongenetic drivers of somatic evolution during carcinogenesis: the biplane model. Evolutionary Applications, 13(7), pp.1651-1659.

- Tran, K.B., Lang, J.J., Compton, K., Xu, R., Acheson, A.R., Henrikson, H.J., Kocarnik, J.M., Penberthy, L., Aali, A., Abbas, Q. and Abbasi, B., 2022. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 400(10352), pp.563-591.

- Warren, G.W., Sobus, S. and Gritz, E.R., 2014. The biological and clinical effects of smoking by patients with cancer and strategies to implement evidence-based tobacco cessation support. The Lancet Oncology, 15(12), pp.e568-e580.

- Yoshida, K., Gowers, K.H., Lee-Six, H., Chandrasekharan, D.P., Coorens, T., Maughan, E.F., Beal, K., Menzies, A., Millar, F.R., Anderson, E. and Clarke, S.E., 2020. Tobacco smoking and somatic mutations in human bronchial epithelium. Nature, 578(7794), pp.266-272.

- Weng, M.W., Lee, H.W., Park, S.H., Hu, Y., Wang, H.T., Chen, L.C., Rom, W.N., Huang, W.C., Lepor, H., Wu, X.R. and Yang, C.S., 2018. Aldehydes are the predominant forces inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair in tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(27), pp.E6152-E6161.

- Lamabadusuriya, D.A., Jayasena, H., Bopitiya, A.K., De Silva, A.D. and Mmpt, J., 2025, July. Obesity-driven inflammation and cancer risk: A comprehensive review. In Seminars in cancer biology. Academic Press.

- Lim, P.W., Stucky, C.C.H., Wasif, N., Etzioni, D.A., Harold, K.L., Madura, J.A. and Fong, Z.V., 2024. Bariatric surgery and longitudinal cancer risk: a review. JAMA surgery, 159(3), pp.331-338.

- Morford, K.L., Tetrault, J.M. and O’Connor, P.G., 2025. Alcohol and cancer risk. JAMA, 334(10), pp.908-909.

- Jones, P.A. and Baylin, S.B., 2007. The epigenomics of cancer. Cell, 128(4), pp.683-692.

- Sepich-Poore, G.D., Zitvogel, L., Straussman, R., Hasty, J., Wargo, J.A. and Knight, R., 2021. The microbiome and human cancer. Science, 371(6536), p.eabc4552.

- McTiernan, A., 2008. Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(3), pp.205-211.

- Kerr, J., Anderson, C. and Lippman, S.M., 2017. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. The Lancet Oncology, 18(8), pp.e457-e471.

- Li, F. and Simon, M.C., 2020. Cancer cells don’t live alone: metabolic communication within tumor microenvironments. Developmental cell, 54(2), pp.183-195.

- Wong, S.H. and Yu, J., 2019. Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 16(11), pp.690-704.

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This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

MAR 3, 2026, 3:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 202 Cancer Part 1: What is it?

Cancer has touched every one of us in some capacity, and learning of a diagnosis inspires many more questions than it answers. In this four-part series on cancer, we aim to lay a foundation of knowledge that will help make sense of this multifaceted disease. We begin our four-part series on cancer by asking a deceptively simple question: what is cancer? As we’ll discover over the course of these episodes, there is not one answer but many. After all, cancer is not one disease but many. In this first episode, we examine the clinical definitions of cancer – when someone receives a cancer diagnosis, how is that determined, and what does that mean? Viewing that question through a historical lens reveals our changing understanding of cancer and how that knowledge filters into the public perception of this disease. With cancer diagnoses on the rise, it’s tempting to label cancer a disease of the 20th or 21st centuries. But is that the case? Tune in to find out.

History

- Mukherjee, Siddhartha. The emperor of all maladies: a biography of cancer. Simon and Schuster, 2010.

- Sontag, Susan, and Heywood Hale Broun. Illness as metaphor. Vol. 3. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978.

- Stacey, Jackie. Teratologies: A cultural study of cancer. Routledge, 2013.

- Ahmad, Amar S., Nick Ormiston-Smith, and Peter D. Sasieni. “Trends in the lifetime risk of developing cancer in Great Britain: comparison of risk for those born from 1930 to 1960.” British journal of cancer 112.5 (2015): 943-947.

- American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2025. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2025.

- Bailar, John C., and Heather L. Gornik. “Cancer undefeated.” New England Journal of Medicine 336.22 (1997): 1569-1574.

- Faguet, Guy B. “A brief history of cancer: age‐old milestones underlying our current knowledge database.” International journal of cancer 136.9 (2015): 2022-2036.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “Pathfinders in oncology from ancient times to the end of the Middle Ages.” Cancer 122.11 (2016): 1638-1646.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 1.” Cancer 117.5 (2011): 1097-1102.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 2.” Cancer 117.12 (2011): 2811-2820.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 3.” Cancer 118.4 (2012): 1155-1168.

- Hajdu, Steven I. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 4.” Cancer 118.20 (2012): 4914-4928.

- Hajdu, Steven I., and Farbod Darvishian. “A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 5.” Cancer 119.8 (2013): 1450-1466.

- Hajdu, Steven I., and Manjunath Vadmal. “A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, Part 6.” Cancer 119.23 (2013): 4058-4082.

- Hajdu, Steven I., Manjunath Vadmal, and Ping Tang. “A note from history: Landmarks in history of cancer, part 7.” Cancer 121.15 (2015): 2480-2513.

- Smedley, Brian D., and M. Alfred Haynes, eds. “The unequal burden of cancer: an assessment of NIH research and programs for ethnic minorities and the medically underserved.” (1999).

- Kampen, Kim R. “The discovery and early understanding of leukemia.” Leukemia research 36.1 (2012): 6-13.

- Awang, Halimah, et al. “Understanding ageing: fear of chronic diseases later in life.” Journal of International Medical Research 46.1 (2018): 175-184.

- Di Lonardo, Anna, Sergio Nasi, and Simonetta Pulciani. “Cancer: we should not forget the past.” Journal of cancer 6.1 (2015): 29.

- Halperin, Edward C. “Paleo-oncology: the role of ancient remains in the study of cancer.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 47.1 (2004): 1-14.

- Krush, Anne J. “Contributions of Pierre Paul Broca to cancer genetics.” (1979).

- Muehlenbachs, Atis, et al. “Malignant transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a human host.” New England Journal of Medicine 373.19 (2015): 1845-1852.

- Patterson, James T. “A Dread Disease: Cancer in Modern American Culture.” The Missouri Review 11.3 (1988): 168-178.

- Sobierajski, T., S. Surma, and M. Banach. “Stroke and cancer-investigating the prevalence of fear among the polish population. cross-sectional study.” European Heart Journal Supplements 27.Supplement_6 (2025): suaf083-025.

- Weiss, Leonard. “Early concepts of cancer.” Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 19.3 (2000): 205-217.

Biology

- Brown, J.S., Amend, S.R., Austin, R.H., Gatenby, R.A., Hammarlund, E.U. and Pienta, K.J., 2023. Updating the definition of cancer. Molecular Cancer Research, 21(11), pp.1142-1147.

- Swanton, C., Bernard, E., Abbosh, C., André, F., Auwerx, J., Balmain, A., Bar-Sagi, D., Bernards, R., Bullman, S., DeGregori, J. and Elliott, C., 2024. Embracing cancer complexity: Hallmarks of systemic disease. Cell, 187(7), pp.1589-1616.

- Sonnenschein, C. and Soto, A.M., 2016. Carcinogenesis explained within the context of a theory of organisms. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology, 122(1), pp.70-76.

- Greene, F.L. and Sobin, L.H., 2008. The staging of cancer: a retrospective and prospective appraisal. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 58(3), pp.180-190.

- Haroun, R., Wood, J.N. and Sikandar, S., 2023. Mechanisms of cancer pain. Frontiers in Pain Research, 3, p.1030899.

- Pantel, K., Alix-Panabières, C. and Riethdorf, S., 2009. Cancer micrometastases. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 6(6), pp.339-351.

- Baracos, V.E., Martin, L., Korc, M., Guttridge, D.C. and Fearon, K.C., 2018. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nature reviews Disease primers, 4(1), pp.1-18.

- Finley, L.W., 2023. What is cancer metabolism?. Cell, 186(8), pp.1670-1688.

- Ferrer, M., Anthony, T.G., Ayres, J.S., Biffi, G., Brown, J.C., Caan, B.J., Feliciano, E.M.C., Coll, A.P., Dunne, R.F., Goncalves, M.D. and Grethlein, J., 2023. Cachexia: A systemic consequence of progressive, unresolved disease. Cell, 186(9), pp.1824-1845.

- Hoeijmakers, J.H., 2009. DNA damage, aging, and cancer. New England journal of medicine, 361(15), pp.1475-1485.

- Khorana, A.A., Francis, C.W., Culakova, E., Kuderer, N.M. and Lyman, G.H., 2007. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5(3), pp.632-634.

- AJCC and ACS Cancer Staging Systems: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer-programs/american-joint-committee-on-cancer/cancer-staging-systems/ and AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition and version 9 Cancer Staging System: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer-programs/american-joint-committee-on-cancer/cancer-staging-systems/cancer-staging-system-products/

- National Cancer Institute SEER Training Modules: Cancer Classification. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/categories/classification.html

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

MAR 2, 2026, 4:15 PM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode: Jon Adams and Edmund Ramsden & Rat City

What happens if you put a bunch of rats in an enclosure and provision them with unlimited food and water? Researcher John B. Calhoun was committed to finding out. Results from Calhoun’s “rat utopia” experiments from the mid-20th century revealed a behavioral dark side that emerged as space grew increasingly limited, ultimately leading to complete population collapse. As headlines conveyed dire warnings about global overpopulation, Calhoun’s work served to reinforce those fears and shape our understanding of the importance of personal space. In this week’s TPWKY book club episode, Jon Adams and Edmund Ramsden join me to discuss their book, Rat City: Overcrowding and Urban Derangement in the Rodent Universes of John B. Calhoun. Tune in for a fascinating a tour through Calhoun’s bizarre and influential research, which even inspired a beloved (if a little creepy) children’s book and movie, Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

FEB 17, 2026, 1:33 PM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 201 Poop Part 2: Flushed away

Poop is an incredibly valuable and massively underutilized resource. However, most of us don’t see it that way because of our evolutionarily ingrained disgust towards poop. Flush toilets and intricate sewer systems have revolutionized health and hygiene by whisking our poop far away where we don’t have to think about it. But that poop has gotta go somewhere, and eventually, not thinking about it isn’t going to be an option. Similarly, not thinking about our individual poop is asking for disaster, since what we produce can reveal a great deal about our gut and overall health. In this episode, we explore the problems that poop can cause on both the individual and population level. From constipation to fiber, and the Great Stink to communal poop sponges, we’re continuing our journey into the curiously fascinating world of poop.

History

- Horan, Julie L. The Porcelain God: A Social History of the Toilet. Carol Publishing Group, 1996.

- Halliday, Stephen. The great stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the cleansing of the Victorian metropolis. The History Press, 2001.

- Waltner-Toews, David. The origin of feces: what excrement tells us about evolution, ecology, and a sustainable society. ECW Press, 2013.

- Halliday, Stephen. An Underground Guide to Sewers, or: Down, Through & Out in Paris, London, New York &c. The MIT Press, 2019.

- Zeldovich, Lina. The Other Dark Matter: The Science and Business of Turning Waste into Wealth and Health. University of Chicago Press, 2021.

- Curtis, Valerie, and Adam Biran. “Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes?.” Perspectives in biology and medicine 44.1 (2001): 17-31.

Biology

- Fong, C., 2024. Constipation Nation: What to Know When You Can’t Go. Rowman & Littlefield.

- Yang, P.J., LaMarca, M., Kaminski, C., Chu, D.I. and Hu, D.L., 2017. Hydrodynamics of defecation. Soft Matter, 13(29), pp.4960-4970.

- Barberio, B., Judge, C., Savarino, E.V. and Ford, A.C., 2021. Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 6(8), pp.638-648.

- Yadegar, A., Bar-Yoseph, H., Monaghan, T.M., Pakpour, S., Severino, A., Kuijper, E.J., Smits, W.K., Terveer, E.M., Neupane, S., Nabavi-Rad, A. and Sadeghi, J., 2024. Fecal microbiota transplantation: current challenges and future landscapes. Clinical microbiology reviews, 37(2), pp.e00060-22.

- Imdad, A., Pandit, N.G., Zaman, M., Minkoff, N.Z., Tanner-Smith, E.E., Gomez-Duarte, O.G., Acra, S. and Nicholson, M.R., 2023. Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4).

- da Silva, T.F., Gloria, R.D.A., Americo, M.F., Freitas, A.D.S., de Jesus, L.C.L., Barroso, F.A.L., Laguna, J.G., Coelho-Rocha, N.D., Tavares, L.M., Le Loir, Y. and Jan, G., 2024. Unlocking the potential of probiotics: A comprehensive review on research, production, and regulation of probiotics. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 16(5), pp.1687-1723.

- Ramprasad, C., Wu, C., Chang, J., Rangan, V., Iturrino, J., Ballou, S., Singh, P., Lembo, A., Nee, J. and Pasricha, T., 2025. Smartphone use on the toilet and the risk of hemorrhoids. PLoS One, 20(9), p.e0329983.

- Sinicrope, F.A., 2022. Increasing incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(16), pp.1547-1558.

- Keum, N. and Giovannucci, E., 2019. Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 16(12), pp.713-732.

- Sung, H., Siegel, R.L., Laversanne, M., Jiang, C., Morgan, E., Zahwe, M., Cao, Y., Bray, F. and Jemal, A., 2025. Colorectal cancer incidence trends in younger versus older adults: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. The Lancet Oncology, 26(1), pp.51-63.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

FEB 10, 2026, 1:33 PM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 200 Poop Part 1: How the sausage gets made

It might be stinky and it might be unpleasant to behold, but we all do it. For many of us, our poop is out of sight, out of mind once we flush it away. But for the next hour and fifteen minutes or so, we’re going to bring it back into mind as we delve into the rich world of poop. This episode, the first of a two-part miniseries on poop, features a wide cast of characters all with some role in the production or management of poo, like our intestinal tract with its sphincters and microbiota, dung beetles that perform the duties so crucial for ecosystem function, and the sperm whale that produces a revered substance used in perfumes. We’re going behind the scenes to understand how the sausage really gets made (in a manner of speaking) and why we need a big perspective shift to stop seeing poop as waste and start seeing it as a resource.

Correction: EW says that elephants poop 15 pounds a day, but in reality it’s more like 10x that – 150-200 pounds! Sorry for the mistake – we noticed it while listening through.

History

- Roman, Joe. Eat, Poop, Die: How Animals Make Our World. Little, Brown Spark, 2023.

- Waltner-Toews, David. The origin of feces: what excrement tells us about evolution, ecology, and a sustainable society. ECW Press, 2013.

- Zeldovich, Lina. The Other Dark Matter: The Science and Business of Turning Waste into Wealth and Health. University of Chicago Press, 2021.

- Clarke, Robert. “The origin of ambergris.” Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals (2006): 7-21.

- Curtis, Valerie, and Adam Biran. “Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is hygiene in our genes?.” Perspectives in biology and medicine 44.1 (2001): 17-31.

- Nichols, E., et al. “Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles.” Biological conservation 141.6 (2008): 1461-1474.

- Somnay, Vishal, et al. “Crime Scene Analysis through DNA Testing of Canine Feces—A Case Report.” Academic Forensic Pathology 10.1 (2020): 56-61.

- Our World in Data, Meat Production.

Biology

- Poitras, P., Bilodeau, M., Bouin, M. and Ghia, J.E. eds., 2022. The digestive system: from basic sciences to clinical practice. Springer Nature.

- Rose, C., Parker, A., Jefferson, B. and Cartmell, E., 2015. The characterization of feces and urine: a review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 45(17), pp.1827-1879.

- Nelson, B., 2022. Flush: The Remarkable Science of an Unlikely Treasure. Grand Central Publishing.

- Southwell, B.R., Clarke, M.C., Sutcliffe, J. and Hutson, J.M., 2009. Colonic transit studies: normal values for adults and children with comparison of radiological and scintigraphic methods. Pediatric surgery international, 25(7), pp.559-572.

- Saad, R.J., Rao, S.S., Koch, K.L., Kuo, B., Parkman, H.P., McCallum, R.W., Sitrin, M.D., Wilding, G.E., Semler, J.R. and Chey, W.D., 2010. Do stool form and frequency correlate with whole-gut and colonic transit? Results from a multicenter study in constipated individuals and healthy controls. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 105(2), pp.403-411.

- Sato, H., Morimatsu, H., Kimura, T., Moriyama, Y., Yamashita, T. and Nakashima, Y., 2002. Analysis of malodorous substances of human feces. Journal of health science, 48(2), pp.179-185.

- Rao, K., Berland, D., Young, C., Walk, S.T. and Newton, D.W., 2013. The nose knows not: poor predictive value of stool sample odor for detection of Clostridium difficile. Clinical infectious diseases, 56(4), pp.615-616.

- Burdette, S.D. and Bernstein, J.M., 2007. Does the nose know? The odiferous diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clinical infectious diseases, 44(8), pp.1142-1142.

- Johansen, A., Vasishta, S., Edison, P. and Hosein, I., 2002. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: how good are nurses at identifying the disease?. Age and ageing, 31(6), pp.487-488.

- O’Donnell, L.J., Virjee, J. and Heaton, K., 1990. Detection of pseudodiarrhoea by simple clinical assessment of intestinal transit rate. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 300(6722), p.439.

- Lane, M.M., Czyzewski, D.I., Chumpitazi, B.P. and Shulman, R.J., 2011. Reliability and validity of a modified Bristol Stool Form Scale for children. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(3), pp.437-441.

- Blake, M.R., Raker, J.M. and Whelan, K., 2016. Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 44(7), pp.693-703.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

FEB 3, 2026, 8:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode Nicola Twilley & Frostbite

For much of the world, refrigeration is such a commonplace technology that we rarely stop to wonder at the many ways it has transformed our lives. From the foods we grow to where we grow them, from how they taste to what we eat, refrigeration has dramatically – and quite recently – changed our relationship to food, our health, and the environment. As Nicola Twilley describes in Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves, progress, as it so often does, comes at a cost. Twilley, who also cohosts the award-winning food podcast Gastropod, joins us in this week’s TPWKY book club episode to discuss the surprising history and tenuous future of refrigeration. You’ll never look at your fridge the same way again.

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This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

JAN 27, 2026, 8:00 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 199 Sleep Part 2: Predictably unpredictable

Now that we know just how critical sleep is, we’re all making sure we get the amount we need, right? Unfortunately no. One-third to one-half of Americans are not getting enough sleep, according to public health guidelines. Why is that? Hypotheses abound, but many point the finger of blame at different aspects of modern society such as screen time, artificial light, a sedentary lifestyle. These narratives suggest that sleep in industrialized societies today is not just different but worse than in centuries past. Is that the truth? How did humans sleep in yesteryear, and what can that tell us about sleep today? In the conclusion to our sleep two-parter, we explore the many ways that humans sleep and the wide array of consequences when we don’t get enough (or too much) of it.

History

- Derickson, Alan. Dangerously sleepy: Overworked Americans and the cult of manly wakefulness. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.

- Ekirch, A. Roger. At day’s close: night in times past. WW Norton & Company, 2006.

- Kroker, Kenton. The sleep of others and the transformations of sleep research. University of Toronto Press, 2007.

- Wolf-Meyer, Matthew J. The slumbering masses: Sleep, medicine, and modern American life. U of Minnesota Press, 2012.

- Ekirch, A. Roger. “Segmented sleep in preindustrial societies.” Sleep 39.3 (2016): 715-716.

- Ekirch, A. Roger. “Sleep we have lost: pre-industrial slumber in the British Isles.” The American Historical Review 106.2 (2001): 343-386.

- Moloney, Mairead Eastin, Thomas R. Konrad, and Catherine R. Zimmer. “The medicalization of sleeplessness: a public health concern.” American journal of public health 101.8 (2011): 1429-1433.

- Nunn, Charles L., David R. Samson, and Andrew D. Krystal. “Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders.” Evolution, medicine, and public health 2016.1 (2016): 227-243.

- Samson, David R. “The human sleep paradox: the unexpected sleeping habits of Homo sapiens.” Annual Review of Anthropology 50.1 (2021): 259-274.

- Schulz, Hartmut, and Piero Salzarulo. “The development of sleep medicine: a historical sketch.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12.7 (2016): 1041-1052.

- Siegel, Jerome M. “Sleep function: an evolutionary perspective.” The Lancet Neurology 21.10 (2022): 937-946.

- Williams, Simon J., et al. “Medicalization and beyond: the social construction of insomnia and snoring in the news.” Health: 12.2 (2008): 251-268.

- Yetish, Gandhi, and Ronald McGregor. “Hunter-gatherer sleep and novel human sleep adaptations.” Handbook of behavioral neuroscience. Vol. 30. Elsevier, 2019. 317-331.

- Yetish, Gandhi, et al. “Natural sleep and its seasonal variations in three pre-industrial societies.” Current Biology 25.21 (2015): 2862-2868.

Biology

- Zisapel, N., 2007. Sleep and sleep disturbances: biological basis and clinical implications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64(10), p.1174.

- Gohari, A., Baumann, B., Jen, R. and Ayas, N., 2024. Sleep deficiency: epidemiology and effects. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 19(4), pp.509-518.

- Cappuccio, F.P., D’Elia, L., Strazzullo, P. and Miller, M.A., 2010. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep, 33(5), pp.585-592.

- Jackson, C.L., Redline, S. and Emmons, K.M., 2015. Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health. Annual review of public health, 36(1), pp.417-440.

- Lamote de Grignon Pérez, J., Gershuny, J., Foster, R. and De Vos, M., 2019. Sleep differences in the UK between 1974 and 2015: Insights from detailed time diaries. Journal of sleep research, 28(1), p.e12753.

- St-Onge, M.P., Cherta-Murillo, A., Darimont, C., Mantantzis, K., Martin, F.P. and Owen, L., 2023. The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep medicine reviews, 69, p.101788.

- Fjell, A.M. and Walhovd, K.B., 2024. Individual sleep need is flexible and dynamically related to cognitive function. Nature Human Behaviour, 8(3), pp.422-430.

- Durmer, J.S. and Dinges, D.F., 2005, March. Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. In Seminars in neurology (Vol. 25, No. 01, pp. 117-129). Copyright© 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

- Morin, C.M. and Jarrin, D.C., 2022. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Sleep medicine clinics, 17(2), pp.173-191.

- Senaratna, C.V., Perret, J.L., Lodge, C.J., Lowe, A.J., Campbell, B.E., Matheson, M.C., Hamilton, G.S. and Dharmage, S.C., 2017. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep medicine reviews, 34, pp.70-81.

- Full, K.M., Shi, H., Lipworth, L., Dauer, L.T., Mumma, M.T. and Xiao, Q., 2025. Sleep Trajectories and All-Cause Mortality Among Low-Income Adults. JAMA Network Open, 8(2), pp.e2462117-e2462117.

- Ohayon, M., Wickwire, E.M., Hirshkowitz, M., Albert, S.M., Avidan, A., Daly, F.J., Dauvilliers, Y., Ferri, R., Fung, C., Gozal, D. and Hazen, N., 2017. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep quality recommendations: first report. Sleep health, 3(1), pp.6-19.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

JAN 20, 2026, 9:59 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 198 Sleep Part 1: Sleeping with one eye open

Sleep is a universal experience. It’s not just the lion that sleeps tonight – it’s also the butterfly, the chicken, the jellyfish, the dog, the snake, the worm, and of course the human. What is this widespread physiological process whose spell we are all under? What purpose (or purposes) does it serve? Why do we sleep the way we do? These are just some of the questions we’re going to get into in this week’s episode, the first half of our two-parter on sleep. We break down the different components of sleep in humans before diving deep into how animals sleep and what drives the different patterns we see. Night owl or daybird? Light sleeper or deep slumberer? Frequent naps or one big chunk? One eye open or both eyes closed? Tune in as we unravel some of the mysteries of sleep.

History

- McNamara, Patrick, Robert A. Barton, and Charles L. Nunn, eds. Evolution of sleep: phylogenetic and functional perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

- Allada, Ravi, and Jerome M. Siegel. “Unearthing the phylogenetic roots of sleep.” Current biology 18.15 (2008): R670-R679.

- Anafi, Ron C., Matthew S. Kayser, and David M. Raizen. “Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 20.2 (2019): 109-116.

- Cirelli, Chiara, and Giulio Tononi. “Is sleep essential?.” PLoS biology 6.8 (2008): e216.

- Fruth, Barbara, Nikki Tagg, and Fiona Stewart. “Sleep and nesting behavior in primates: A review.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 166.3 (2018): 499-509.

- Hobson, J. Allan. “REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10.11 (2009): 803-813.

- Joiner, William J. “Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep.” Current biology 26.20 (2016): R1073-R1087.

- Keene, Alex C., and Erik R. Duboue. “The origins and evolution of sleep.” Journal of Experimental Biology 221.11 (2018): jeb159533.

- Lyamin, Oleg I., et al. “Cetacean sleep: an unusual form of mammalian sleep.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32.8 (2008): 1451-1484.

- Nunn, Charles L., David R. Samson, and Andrew D. Krystal. “Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders.” Evolution, medicine, and public health 2016.1 (2016): 227-243.

- Rattenborg, Niels C., et al. “The non-trivial functions of sleep.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 11.5 (2007): 405-409.

- Rial, Ruben Victor, et al. “The trivial function of sleep.” Sleep medicine reviews 11.4 (2007): 311-325.

- Roth, Timothy C., Niels C. Rattenborg, and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. “The ecological relevance of sleep: the trade-off between sleep, memory and energy conservation.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365.1542 (2010): 945-959.

- Samson, David R. “The human sleep paradox: the unexpected sleeping habits of Homo sapiens.” Annual Review of Anthropology 50.1 (2021): 259-274.

- Siegel, Jerome M. “Sleep function: an evolutionary perspective.” The Lancet Neurology 21.10 (2022): 937-946.

- Yamazaki, Risa, et al. “Evolutionary origin of distinct NREM and REM sleep.” Frontiers in psychology 11 (2020): 567618.

Biology

- Lockley, S.W. and Foster, R.G., 2012. Sleep: A very short introduction (Vol. 295). Oxford University Press.

- Brown, R.E., Basheer, R., McKenna, J.T., Strecker, R.E. and McCarley, R.W., 2012. Control of sleep and wakefulness. Physiological reviews.

- Herberger, S., Aurnhammer, C., Bauerfeind, S., Bothe, T., Penzel, T. and Fietze, I., 2025. Performance of wearable finger ring trackers for diagnostic sleep measurement in the clinical context. Scientific Reports, 15(1), p.9461.

- Zisapel, N., 2007. Sleep and sleep disturbances: biological basis and clinical implications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64(10), p.1174.

- Ficca, G., Axelsson, J., Mollicone, D.J., Muto, V. and Vitiello, M.V., 2010. Naps, cognition and performance. Sleep medicine reviews, 14(4), pp.249-258.

- Samson, D.R., 2021. The human sleep paradox: the unexpected sleeping habits of Homo sapiens. Annual Review of Anthropology, 50(1), pp.259-274.

- Meyer, N., Harvey, A.G., Lockley, S.W. and Dijk, D.J., 2022. Circadian rhythms and disorders of the timing of sleep. The Lancet, 400(10357), pp.1061-1078.

- Fuller, P.M., Gooley, J.J. and Saper, C.B., 2006. Neurobiology of the sleep-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback. Journal of biological rhythms, 21(6), pp.482-493.

- Haghayegh, S., Khoshnevis, S., Smolensky, M.H., Diller, K.R. and Castriotta, R.J., 2019. Accuracy of wristband Fitbit models in assessing sleep: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(11), p.e16273.

- Robbins, R., Weaver, M.D., Sullivan, J.P., Quan, S.F., Gilmore, K., Shaw, S., Benz, A., Qadri, S., Barger, L.K., Czeisler, C.A. and Duffy, J.F., 2024. Accuracy of three commercial wearable devices for sleep tracking in healthy adults. Sensors, 24(20), p.6532. *funding by Oura*

- Chinoy, E.D., Cuellar, J.A., Huwa, K.E., Jameson, J.T., Watson, C.H., Bessman, S.C., Hirsch, D.A., Cooper, A.D., Drummond, S.P. and Markwald, R.R., 2021. Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography. Sleep, 44(5), p.zsaa291.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

JAN 13, 2026, 2:51 PM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Special Episode: Daniel Stone & American Poison

The widespread use of leaded gasoline in the 20th century led to one of the world’s biggest public health and environmental disasters, the effects of which are still present today. Since its development in the 1920s, leaded gasoline has been linked to premature death, cognitive impairment, and behavioral issues in millions around the globe. How was such a toxic substance permitted to be sold, despite the tireless efforts of industrial medicine warriors like Alice Hamilton? In American Poison: A Deadly Invention and the Woman Who Battled for Environmental Justice, award-winning author and historian Daniel Stone tells the story of leaded gasoline – its heroes, its villains, and the lessons we can learn. What will emerge as this generation’s leaded gasoline? PFAS? Microplastics? Something else entirely? History doesn’t have to repeat, but it will unless we heed the lessons of the past. Tune in for a fascinating episode!

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

JAN 6, 2026, 9:57 AM EST | PODCAST | EPISODE PAGE

Episode 197 Detox: Enemas for everyone

Ah, the new year. After the last month and a half of indulgent food and drink, disrupted schedules, and laying around the house, who doesn’t feel like they’re in need of a whole-body cleanse? There are plenty of companies who are more than happy to provide that product or service that promises to flush away toxins from your skin, gut, blood, brain, you name it. But what exactly are they selling you? In this episode, we explore the deep roots of the ever-expanding detox industry and the concept behind its billions of dollars in revenue: detoxification. What does detoxification even mean? Is there any truth to the claims that a certain diet or superfood or supplement or colonic or drink or enema or chelation therapy can “detoxify” you? Tune in to find out how many synonyms for scam we can come up with.

History

- Agnew, Jeremy. “Man’s purgative passion.” American journal of psychotherapy 39.2 (1985): 236-246.

- Alvarez, Walter C. “Origin of the so-called auto-intoxication symptoms.” Journal of the American Medical Association 72.1 (1919): 8-13.

- Bacchi, André Demambre. “The Eternal Allure of the Panacea: How Narratives and Biases Sustain Pseudocures.” Journal of Medical Humanities (2025): 1-23.

- Chambers, Chloe. “150 years of detox: How inadequate dietary supplement regulation undermines consumer safety in the weight loss industry.” Minn. L. Rev. 109 (2024): 1453.

- Chen, Thomas SN, and Peter SY Chen. “Intestinal autointoxication: a medical leitmotif.” Journal of clinical gastroenterology 11.4 (1989): 434-441.

- Suzuki, Nanami. “Popular health movements and diet reform in nineteenth-century America.” The Japanese journal of American studies 21 (2010): 111-137.

- De Regt, Anouk, Matteo Montecchi, and Sarah Lord Ferguson. “A false image of health: how fake news and pseudo-facts spread in the health and beauty industry.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 29.2 (2020): 168-179.

- Doyle, Derek. “Per rectum: a history of enemata.” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 35.4 (2005): 367-370.

- Eberhardt, Maeve. “‘You probably have a parasite’: Neoliberal risk and the discursive construction of the body in the wellness industry.” Language in Society 53.1 (2024): 47-69.

- Friedenwald, Julius, and Samuel Morrison. “The history of the enema with some notes on related procedures (Part I).” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8.1 (1940): 68-114.

- Friedenwald, Julius, and Samuel Morrison. “The history of the enema with some notes on related procedures (part II).” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8.2 (1940): 239-276.

- Kellogg, John Harvey. “Should the colon be sacrificed or may it be reformed?.” Journal of the American Medical Association 68.26 (1917): 1957-1959.

- Mathias, Manon. “Autointoxication and historical precursors of the microbiome–gut–brain axis.” Microbial ecology in health and disease 29.2 (2018): 1548249.

- Shryock, Richard H. “Sylvester Graham and the popular health movement, 1830-1870.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 18.2 (1931): 172-183.

- Spadine, Mandy, and Megan S. Patterson. “Social influence on fad diet use: a systematic literature review.” Nutrition and Health 28.3 (2022): 369-388.

- Sullivan-Fowler, Micaela. “Doubtful theories, drastic therapies: autointoxication and faddism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.” Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 50.3 (1995): 364-390.

- Tahreem, Aaiza, et al. “Fad diets: facts and fiction.” Frontiers in nutrition 9 (2022): 960922.

- The Master Cleanser by Stanley Burroughs

- https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/detox-product-market

Biology

- Hodges, R.E. and Minich, D.M., 2015. Modulation of metabolic detoxification pathways using foods and food‐derived components: a scientific review with clinical application. Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 2015(1), p.760689.

- Klein, A.V. and Kiat, H., 2015. Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: a critical review of the evidence. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 28(6), pp.675-686.

- Grant, D.M., 1991. Detoxification pathways in the liver. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 14(4), pp.421-430.

- Blondet, N.M., Messner, D.J., Kowdley, K.V. and Murray, K.F., 2018. Mechanisms of hepatocyte detoxification. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (pp. 981-1001). Academic Press.

- Cline, J.C., 2015. Nutritional aspects of detoxification in clinical practice. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine, 21(3).

- Obert, J., Pearlman, M., Obert, L. and Chapin, S., 2017. Popular weight loss strategies: a review of four weight loss techniques. Current gastroenterology reports, 19(12), p.61.

- Dearing, M.D. and Weinstein, S.B., 2022. Metabolic enabling and detoxification by mammalian gut microbes. Annual Review of Microbiology, 76, pp.579-596.

- Schlosser, P., Li, Y., Sekula, P., Raffler, J., Grundner-Culemann, F., Pietzner, M., Cheng, Y., Wuttke, M., Steinbrenner, I., Schultheiss, U.T. and Kotsis, F., 2020. Genetic studies of urinary metabolites illuminate mechanisms of detoxification and excretion in humans. Nature genetics, 52(2), pp.167-176.

- Aronica, L., Ordovas, J.M., Volkov, A., Lamb, J.J., Stone, P.M., Minich, D., Leary, M., Class, M., Metti, D., Larson, I.A. and Contractor, N., 2022. Genetic biomarkers of metabolic detoxification for personalized lifestyle medicine. Nutrients, 14(4), p.768.

- Wexler, P., Fonger, G.C., White, J. and Weinstein, S., 2015. Toxinology: taxonomy, interpretation, and information resources. Science & Technology Libraries, 34(1), pp.67-90.

- Cámara, M., Giner, R.M., González-Fandos, E., López-García, E., Mañes, J., Portillo, M.P., Rafecas, M., Domínguez, L. and Martínez, J.A., 2021. Food-based dietary guidelines around the world: a comparative analysis to update AESAN scientific committee dietary recommendations. Nutrients, 13(9), p.3131.

Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. If you buy something through one of these links, you won’t pay a penny more, but we’ll get a small commission which helps us keep things running. Thanks!

This article was downloaded on Mar 13, 2026 at 7:31 PM EDT.

Table of Contents

This Podcast Will Kill You: 2026 Mar 10

All articles

Episode 203 Cancer Part 2: Why does it happen?: 2026 Mar 10

Episode 202 Cancer Part 1: What is it?: 2026 Mar 3

Special Episode: Jon Adams and Edmund Ramsden & Rat City: 2026 Mar 2

Episode 201 Poop Part 2: Flushed away: 2026 Feb 17

Episode 200 Poop Part 1: How the sausage gets made: 2026 Feb 10

Special Episode Nicola Twilley & Frostbite: 2026 Feb 3

Episode 199 Sleep Part 2: Predictably unpredictable: 2026 Jan 27

Episode 198 Sleep Part 1: Sleeping with one eye open: 2026 Jan 20

Special Episode: Daniel Stone & American Poison: 2026 Jan 13

Episode 197 Detox: Enemas for everyone: 2026 Jan 6